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Slovenian report 2002
Slovenian report
Services and Innovation
A report on recent publications in Slovenia
Stare
Metka
Methodological approach
and typology
Evolution of discussion and the main issues addressed
Theoretical issues
Management of innovations and innovations in management
Barriers to innovation
Policy and institutional support for enhancing innovation
Empirical analysis
Main Features of Innovation Debate
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Methodological approach and typology
Being aware of the fact that relations among services and innovation are not
of much concern in current research in Slovenia we started the process of preparing
the survey with the identification of literature which is in any way related
to innovations . Surprisingly, quite substantial amount of literature was found
dealing with very diverse issues related to innovation. As expected, already
the titles of articles revealed that services are very rarely explicitly investigated
in the context of innovations. A more thourough examination of summaries and
abstracts only confirmed that no research of generic service issues and innovation
had yet appeared. In the next phase, much effort was engaged to shell the bibliographic
units pertaining to various aspects of innovation that could in one way or another
be related to services or service functions. The ciriteria of service-relatedness
was loosened in some cases to enable the inclusion of debate on innovation which
appear interesting in the context of transition economies. As a result of the
above procedures, the final selection of literature was made encompassing approximately
60 bibliographical units which formed the basis for the RESER literature survey
on »Services and Innovations« in Slovenia.
Mostly, bibliographical units refer to articles in journals or to proceedings
of conferences and workshops. Also, quite a few theses at different degrees
of education were evidenced. While master and doctoral degree theses were taken
into account for further survey the bachelor degree theses were left out as
they are mainly concerned with the introduction of innovative products or processes
into individual companies.
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Evolution of discussion and the main issues addressed
The evolution of discussion of innovation in Slovenia is deeply embeded in socio-economic
system and related environment. While the transition to market economy in the
early nineties has on one hand encouraged entrepreneurship it has on the other
hand shifted priority to institutional and regularory reforms and to short term
measures to decrease costs of companies in order to survive in competitive environment.
The restructuring of companies was mainly implemented in a passive way by downsizing.
Consequently, innovation was not deemed imperative in terms of increasing competitivness
and particularly not so refering to innovation in services. Only recently, the
awareness on the potential of innovations is growing, also due to finalisation
of the negotiating process of Slovenia for the integration to the EU.
The survey of literature revealed that in the late nineties the impetus to discussion
of innovation issues in Slovenia was given by the establishment of the civil
society movement 'Slovenia-an innovative society' in 1996 . This is also evident
from the fact that the bulk of contributions to the discussion on innovation
appeared immediately after that (mostly in 1997) while later on the debate lost
momentum. The most intensive discussions on innovation issues take place on
the annual conference of inventors and innovators in Maribor (PODIM) which has
a long tradition and unites experts from the university, research institutions,
companies, associations and governmental agencies.
The topics identified in the survey of literature touch upon so diverse and
specialised innovation-related issues that it is difficult to align them along
main issues and discuss them in theoretical and analytical context. The situation
is further aggravated by the fact that the topics overwhelmingly concern innovations
issues in general and not services and innovation in particular. It is however
increasingly recognized that parallely with product and process innovations
organisational and administrative innovations appear supported by information
technology (Ili_, 2001). Although it is acknowledged that innovations can take
place in every economic activity, in social and in public activities techical
innovatios are put at the centre of the debate explicitely or implicitely. As
a result, the discussion is seldom occupied with services and innovations. To
paraphrase Mulej et al. (2002) 'Slovenian perception of innovation is still
largely based on the definition from 1965 (as defined by the law) that innovation
is tiny technical novelty made in an amateur way.'
Public awareness and understanding of the complexity and multi-dimensionality
of innovations is poor. Common perception relates innovations with R&D units,
neglecting other functions. Even when the discussion recognise that the innovation
process requires the cooperation between different functions of the company
(marketing, management, R&D, producing, procurement, sales, finance, human
resources) no attention is paid to the fact that most of those functions are
service functions. This reflects the fact that the role of services in economy
and society is not yet understood in a comprehensive way including service sectors,
service functions and interlinkages of services with other parts of economy
and society. Such attitude is probably not characteristic only for Slovenia
but also applies to other transition economies as a consequence of similar socio-economic
environment and perceptions of value systems biased against services.
What follows is an attempt to summarize highly fragmented discussion on innovation
along the main issues: theoretical considerations, management of innovations
and innovations in management, barriers to innovation, policy and institutional
support to innovations and empirical research.
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Theoretical issues
Theoretical discussions related to innovations and services are scarce or non-existent.
They are almost exclusively related to the author (Mulej, M.) who is the pioneer
in advocating innovation issues for a long time and has been the driver of increasing
innovation awareness in society also by introducing it into the education process.
Recognising that services and innovation are explicitely not analysed theoretically
we still have to refer to Mulej et al. (1997). They explore the reasons why
economic thought has for so long neglected the role of innovations in development
and why its perception was traditionally limited to technical issues (consequently
not acknowledging innovations in services-by M.S.). It is argued that the main
reasons originate in human nature which tends to avoid the the contemporary
truth (facts), resist the changes and stick to established habits. It is further
pointed out that raditional perceptions of innovations are in particular characteristic
for less developed economies. The authors further argue that efficient functioning
of economy requires ongoing innovations which systematically produce quality.
Innovation is a complex phenomenon and process depending simultaneously and
inextricably upon eleven determining factors. Mulej et al. (1997) formulate
the innovation equation expressed as a product and not a sum of these factors
as follows:
Innovation= invention * entrepreneurship * integrity *management * collaborators
*
culture * competitors * customers * external conditions * environment *
coincidence
The above equation indicates that when one factor is zero the product is zero.
This confirms mutual dependence and interlinkages between factors forming a
dialectic system. Each of the above factors can present a source of resistance
to innovation which need to be overcome. Countries which are laggards in innovativness,
Slovenia being among them, cannot rely upon market forces alone to remove the
barriers to innovation, but need to introduce appropriate economic policy (Mulej
et al., 1997).
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Management of innovations and innovations in management
One of the most outstanding issues discussed in Slovenia in relation to innovations
seems to be management of innovations and innovations in management. Both issues
are addressed from different perspectives.
Owing to the fact that innovation process is complex it has to be managed properly
to be efficient. Management of innovations is instrumental and critical in transforming
inventions to innovations (Mulej, 1997a, Semoli_, 1997, Burgar, 2001). Management
has a decisive role to play in stimulating innovativeness in a firm through decentalising
decision making process, flattening the firm's structure, establishment of the
network structure, transformation of business processes based on IT, a shift from
hard to soft organisational factors (human work) and by the implementation of
a group-based project R&D work (Ili_, 2001). Innovation culture as a component
part of the organisational culture of the company bears influence on on the management
of innovations (Semoli_, 1997).
Marketing of innovations is a part of managing the process of innovations (Zavr_nik,
1997). It is being argued however that innovation activity and marketing activity
are seldom understood as two interrelated issues, nonetheless becuse the specialists
for both activities do not share the same values and knowledge. Joint action by
innovation and marketing specialists is neccesary to maintain or increase competitivness
of the company (Mulej, N., 1999).
On the other hand, high relevance for the success of companies is attributed to
innovations in management at the micro and macro level. It is being argued that
trends in development of human and material resources in Slovenia are not conducive
to innovative orientation of management be it in companies or in society at large
(_erneti_ M., 1997). Management based on innovative business decision-making can
essentially improve effectiveness of business systems' operations. A business
decision-making is innovative when it is based on a holistic, systemic approach
(Poto_an, 1997). In that regard business games, which are predominantly seen as
pedagogical innovation could also serve as systematically conceived innovation
of management. Business games support creativity and cooperation, taking account
of all phases of invention-innovation process (Mulej, 1997c).
The advocates of 'systemic quality' claim that Slovenian companies have made improvments
in innovativness in terms of increased efficiency and quality. Such innovativness
is however not systemic in a sense that it does not comprise sufficient flexibility
and differentiation of supply. It is suggested that companies should apply innovations
in management and in business policies (Mulej et al., 2002).
Modern models of comparisons with competitors increasingly take account of companies'
intangibles among which innovations play significant role. Benchmarking concentrates
on comparing processes in companies which can result in different outcomes. It
is being claimed that benchmarking acts as a stimulator of innovation activity
as companies learn how other companies encourage innovative activity, and more
importantly how they manage innovations. As innovations increasingly embrace service
sectors benchmarking is relevant for public services as well (Knez-Riedl, 1999).
Innovations in controlling can improve management faced with "innovate or
die" paradigm (Kolar, 2002).
The need for an inter-disciplinary and systemic approach to innovation is put
forward in introducing control technology to a company (cybernetisation, informatisation
and automation). This requires the combination of business, organisational and
technical innovation and knowledge from relevant experts (economists, engineers
and other necessary professionals). Such management of innovations contributes
to optimising the organisation of company and of production processes (_erneti_
J., 1997).
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Barriers to innovation
Owing to modest results of innovation in Slovenian economy discussion often deals
with impediments to innovation which include values and culture, attitude and
understanding of innovations, socio-economic environment, institutional framework,
etc. Nevertheless, we could not discern any debate which would address barriers
specific to innovation in services.
It is being argued that a civil society movememnt "Slovenia - an innovative
society" did not succeed due to the fact that functioning of civil society
was not understood properly. Civil society is made of citizens and their organizations
working independently of and complementary to the government. The current Slovenian
practice of the civil society does not make the impression that its components
are aware of their interdependence and developing their ethics and practice of
interdependence (Mulej, Kajzer, 1999).
It is suggested that the way of thinking, acting and creating of each individual
should be changed since the innovativness prospers only in appropriate atmosphere.
Innovativness should be understood as value of individuals, groups, organisations
and society at large (Devetak, 1997). Innovativness is becoming a necessary component
of business, pedagogical and everydays activities (Likar, 2001). It seems however
that Slovene people very poorly relate innovations with quality management, business
success or with their well being (Mulej, M., Mulej, N., 2000). They tend to be
in favour of slow changes (Mulej, _enko, 2001). Awareness building related to
innovations has to start in the very early phase of the education process to bring
improvements in risk averse environment (Likar, 2000, Bu_ar, Stare, 2001). The
need to increase the awareness of innovation and introduce innovative thinking
is also discussed in a number of articles dealing with education/pedagogical innovation.
They range over very diverse issues from innovative models of training the employees
(Mir_eva, 1999), innovative methods in teaching (Ferjan, 1999), introducing innovation
research in higher-education programmes (Vrta_nik, 1999) to the challenges of
innovations in schools for gypsys (Mlakar, 2000).
Bu_ar and Stare (2001) argue that Slovenia has during the nineties introduced
an array of instruments and mechanisms for stimulating innovations. The implementation
of innovations supporting instruments and mechanisms is however poor and lags
far behind the proclaimed policy maintaining low level of innovativeness in Slovenian
economy. The reasons are manifold and refer to: weak cooperation between industry
and research community, insufficient and fragmented funds, poor awareness and
low priority attributed by decision makers to implementation of innovation policy,
the lack of innovation culture. As concluded by Mulej (1999) the support to creation
of innovations is well developed and passive.
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Policy and institutional support for enhancing innovation
There is a need for active policy on building social climate in Slovenia supportive
to innovation and for broader understanding of innovation, which is still primarily
limited to technical terms while neglecting organisational and attitudinal change.
Accordingly, mechanisms to foster innovation should not be geared only to favourable
R&D environment (including building bridges for more intensive cooperation
between the research and business sphere), but also to education system adjustment,
particularly University (innovation awareness building, interdisciplinarity, flexibility),
to fostering of innovative management techniques introduction, to financial market/fiscal
system improvement, and to more efficient and transparent administrative framework
support.(Bu_ar, Stare, 2001).
Due to the predominance of SMEs in the total population of Slovenian companies
discussion recognises the need for enhancing innovation in SMEs which refer not
only to the improvement of technological innovation but also to supporting services
for innovation (Stanovnik, Kava_, 1997). The latter include relevant information
and consultancy on financial services available, on marketing of innovation and
on organising the process of innovation (Stare, Bu_ar, 1998).
Also at the macroeconomic level the management of innovation is poor notwithstanding
different institutions and mechanisms that provide support to inventors/innovators.
In relation to that major difficulties seem to be the lack of finance, especially
venture funds, gaps in the organisation of support but also change-averse attitude
among owners and managers (Likar, 1999). The need to encourage the establishment
of venture capital funds in order to stimulate innovations with the participation
of state is strongly advocated (Kos, 1997). In that regard the establishment of
development coalitions which would help in alleviating the problems of Slovenian
innovative environment is also discussed (Stanovnik, Kava_, 1997).
The formulation of national innovation system is considered as the prerecquisite
for catching-up of transition economies with developed countries and their transition
to new techno-economic paradigm. Establishment of the new techno-economic paradigm
on the basis of information technologies is based not only on continous introduction
of new technical solutions but requires also constant innovation activity in organisation
and management at both micro (company) and macro (nationally and internationally)
level. It is suggested that creative introduction of institutional innovations
might be the strategic way for transition economies to catch-up. This is possible
under the condition that their overall innovativeness is more dynamic than that
of the leader country. Nevertheless, when taking into account that the adaptation
of the Central and Eastern European countries to existing institutional framework
of the EU alone is very troublesome the chances for innovative institutional solutions
in these countries does not seem promising (Bu_ar, 1999)
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Empirical analysis
It could be expected that the neglect of services and innovation issues in theoretical
and analytical considerations has also resulted in the lack of empirical research.
To our best knowledge Stanovnik et al. (2000) were the first to undertake the
research of innovations in selected service sectors based on questionnaires. This
research is among the few which recognise that apart for being a complement to
manufacturing the service sector is seen as a generator of innovations per se.
The survey addressed the innovation potential in selected service sectors in Slovenia
(wholesale and retail trade, tourism, transport and communications).
The authors define innovation activity as: introduction of new services, introduction
of better services and better/new methods of services supply. The results of the
survey indicate that the impact of innovation in selected service sectors is the
largest in terms of quality improvement, increased range of services, improved
flexibility and image of the firm. To the surprise of the authors, lower costs
scored far behind. The lack of highly skilled employees and the lack of capital
are seen as the major internal obstacles to innovativness, followed by high risks
and dificulties in management of innovations. Government administration, availability
of foreign capital and innovation climate are assessed as most important external
impediments to innovations.
While this research represents the pioneering attempt in revealing the state of
innovativness in the Slovenian service sectors it did not provoke any further
discussion on the main barriers to innovation in services or on the need of addressing
them by appropriate policies and mechanisms. This again confirms the poor awareness
and understanding of relations between services and innovations.
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Main Features of Innovation Debate
The overview of literature survey on services and innovation in the period 1997-2002
reveals the following major features:
- Limited amount of literature is explicitely dealing with services and innovations.
Predominantly, general issues concerning innovations are discussed, which bear
indirectly on innovations in services. Quite often however, literature addresses
service functions but does not refer to the phenomenon of services and innovations.
It could be claimed that service dimensions of innovation are overlooked.
- The role and importance of knowledge-intensive business services as facilitators
of innovations introduction is largely neglected. Also, their role as main users
of innovations generated by other sectors is not of much importance and is discussed
only in few cases linked with banking services (Avsec, Mulej, 1998, Britov_ek
2001).This reveals that the topics discussed most intensively in developed economies
in the context of services and innovation have not yet appeared in Slovenian discussions
on innovation.
- Fragmented and highly dispersed character of issues discussed. Authors refer
to other Slovenian authors only occassionally and most often not in a way that
would interfere with others' standpoints. Rather than deepening the discussion
on one issue they broaden the discussion by exploring specialised aspects of innovation.
- The level of analysis if often shallow, few authors venture to explore innovation
issues in both theoretical and analytical context. Empirical analyses lack as
well. The character of many contributions is predominantly informative aimed at
increasing the awareness and understanding of innovation issues and disseminating
knowledge on different issues pertaining to innovation.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Avsec, Dejan, Mulej, Matja_, 1998, 'Pozornost do inovacij vseh tipov in vsega
inovacijskega procesa v ban_nih merilih poslovanja s komintenti' (Attention
to innovations and to innovation process in banking criteria of operating with
clients), Ban_ni vestnik, ¨Letn. ¨37, ¨__t. ¨6, str. 171-173.
Bezlaj, Ciril, Klinar, Du_an,-Lednik, Bo_o, 2000, 'Virtualne inovacijske mre_e
- osnova za inovativno regijo' (Virtual innovation networks: basis for innovative
region), Vloga inoviranja pri pospe_evanju regionalnega razvoja Slovenije, 21.
PODIM, Maribor.
Britov_ek, Irena, 2001, 'Povezanost med tehnolo_kimi inovacijami, kakovostjo
in produktivnostjo na podro_ju ban_nih storitev' (The link between technological
innovations, quality and productivity in banking services), magistrsko delo,
Ljubljana : 2001.
Burgar, Janko, 2001, 'Celoviti management invencijsko-inovacijskih procesov
v podjetju v tranziciji' (Total management of invention-innovation processes
in a company in a transition), magistrsko delo, Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta,
Maribor.
Bu_ar, Maja, 1999, 'Inovativnost v razmerah informacijske dru_be' (Innovativness
in information society), Na_e gospodarstvo, ²Let. ²45, ²_t. ²5/6, str. 395-403.
Bu_ar, Maja, Stare, Metka, 2001, National innovation policy profile:
Slovenia', Innovation policy in six applicant countries: the challenges,
Louvain-la-Neuve: ADE.
_erneti_, Janko, 1997, Inovacije na osnovi prepletanja ekonomskih ter in_enirskih
znanj - primer uvajanja tehnologije vodenja' (Innovations based on combining
the knowledge of economy and engineering - the case of control technology),
Na_e gospodarstvo, let. 43, ²_t. ²1/2, str. 106-118.
_erneti_, Metod, 1997, Inovativnost managementa v Sloveniji (Innovation of management
in Slovenia), Organizacija, let. 30, ²_t. ²3, str. 125-133.
Dvor_ak-Bervar, Mojca, 1997, 'Netehnolo_ke determinante tehnolo_kega razvoja
: spodbude in ovire pri uvajanju novih tehnologij v slovenska podjetja' (Non-technologic
determinants in new technology introduction in Slovenian enteprises), magistrsko
delo, Ljubljana.
Ferjan, Tatjana, 1999, 'Inovativne metode pri u_nih urah' (Innovative methods
in teaching), Pedago_ka obzorja,²letn.²14, ²_t. ²1-2, str. 37-41.
Ili_, Branko, 2001, 'Socioekonomska analiza spodbude za inoviranje v podjetju
: _tudija nekaterih kontingen_nih dejavnikov vpliva' (Socio-economic analysis
of impulse for innovations in a company ), Ljubljana : Fakulteta za dru_bene
vede.
Ivanu_a-Bezjak, Mirjana, 1998, 'Upravljanje _love_kih virov kot najpomembnej_ega
dejavnika inoviranja v slovenskih podjetjih' (Management of human resources
as the most important determinant of innovativness in Slovenian companies),
Slovenska podpora za ustvarjanje invencij in inovacij, 19. PODIM (Posvetovanje
o delu inventorjev in inovatorjev), Maribor.
Jur_a, Jo_e, 1997, 'Inovativnost v javni upravi -primer Ministrstva za obrambo
Republike Slovenije' (Innovativness in public services-the case of Ministry
of Defense ot the Republic of Slovenia), magistrsko delo, Ljubljana.
Kav_i_, Bogdan, 1998, 'Inovativna organizacijska kultura' (Innovative organisational
culture), Industrijska demokracija, ¨Let. ¨B, ¨__t. ¨5, str.
7-8.
Kej_ar, Ivan (ed.), 1997, 'Procesi inovativnega razvoja organiziranosti in motiviranja
kadrov' (The processes of innovative development of organisation and of motivating
the employees), zbornik referatov posvetovanja Dru_tva za vrednotenje dela,
organizacijski in kadrovski razvoj, Kranj.
Knez-Riedl, Jo_ica, 1997, 'Inovacijska sposobnost in boniteta podjetja' (Innovation
capability and creditworthiness of a firm), Na_e gospodarstvo, let.43, ²_t.
²1/2, str. 135-139.
Knez-Riedl, Jo_ica, 1999, 'Inovacije in benchmarking' (Innovations and benchmarking),
Na_e gospodarstvo,²Vol. ²45, ²_t. ²1/2, str. 30-39.
Kolar, Iztok, 2002, 'Inovativen kontroling (poslovodno ra_unovodstvo) kot pogoj
za razvoj podjetja' (Innovative controlling as a precondition for company development),
27. posvetovanje o podjetni_kem planiranju in managementu, Maribor : Dru_tvo
ekonomistov, str. 103-112.
Kos, Marko, 1997, 'Konkuren_nost in inovacije' (Competitiveness and innovation),
Na_e gospodarstvo, let. 43,²_t. ²1/2, str. 140-144.
Likar, Borut, 1999, 'Inovacijska in podjetni_ka podpora' (Innovation and entrepreneurial
support), Na_e gospodarstvo, ²Letn.²45, ²_t. ²3/4, str. 265-274.
Likar, Borut, 2000, 'Inovativnost za mlade' (Innovativness for youth), Ljubljana
: Korona plus, Zveza prijateljev mladine Slovenije ; Koper : Visoka _ola za
management.
Likar, Borut, 2001, 'Analiza stanja in spodbujanje inovacijskih ter tehnolo_ko-podjetni_kih
procesov med mladimi v Sloveniji' (The analysis of stimulation to innovation
and technology-entrepreneurship processes among the youth in Slovenia), in M.
Rebernik, M. Mulej, M.Rus (eds.), Maribor : IRP ²In_titut za razvoj podjetni_tva,
str. 100-109.
Mir_eva, Jasmina, 1999, 'Izobra_evanje zaposlenih v tranzicijskem gospodarstvu
: inovativni in razvojni modeli organiziranosti izobra_evanja v organizacijah'
(Training of employees in transition economy: innovative and development models
of education organisation), Andrago_ka spoznanja,²Letn. ²5, ²_t. ²2, str. 54-63.
Mlakar, Peter, 1997, 'Mo_nosti inovativnega obvladovanja kakovosti poslovanja
podjetja' (The possibilities of innovative qulity management), magistrsko delo,
1997, Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta, Maribor,
Mlakar, Jo_e, 2000, 'Izziv za inovacije : romske _ole' (The challenge for innovations:
schools for gypsys), _olski razgledi, ²Letn. ²51, ²_t. ²4, str. 4.
Mulej, Matja_, 1997a, 'Inoviranje in ekonomija: ekonomisti kon_no ponovno o
inovacijski problematiki' (Innovating and economy: finally, economists discuss
innovation problematique again), Na_e gospodarstvo, let. 43, _t. ²1/2, str.
91-95.
Mulej, Matja_, 1997b, 'Inovativna dejavnost in marketin_ki vidik razvoja izdelkov'
(Innovative activity and marketing aspect of product development), in Radonji_
(ed.), Management izdelkov in management tr_nih poti, Maribor , Ekonomsko-poslovna
fakulteta, str. 99-124.
Mulej, Matja_, 1997c, 'Poslovne igre kot sistemsko zasnovana inovacija managementa'
(Business games as sistemic management innovation), Na_e gospodarstvo, let.
43,²_t. ²5/6, str. 488-495.
Mulej, Matja_, Kajzer, _tefan, Treven, Sonja, Jur_e, Karin, 1997, 'Sodobna ekonomija
med odpori do inovacij in _ivljenjem od njih' (Contemporary economy between
refusing innovation and living on it), Na_e gospodarstvo, ²Let. ²43, ²_t. ²3/4,
str. 339-349.
Mulej, Matja_, 1999, 'Slovenska podpora za ustvarjanje invencij in inovacij
je razvita in pasivna' (Slovene support to creation of innovations is well developed
and passive), Na_e gospodarstvo, ²Vol.²45, ²No. ²1/2, str. 127-136.
Mulej, Matja_, Kajzer, _tefan, 1999, '(Neformalno) sistemsko razmi_ljanje kot
podlaga (uspeha) civilne dru_be' (Informal-systemic thinking as a basis of civil
society), Civilna dru_ba v Sloveniji in Evropi, in R. Bohinc, M. _erneti_, (eds.),
Ljubljana : ²Dru_tvo ²ob_anski forum : FDV, str. 43-52.
Mulej, Matja_, Mulej, Nastja, 2000, 'Empiri_na slika odnosa do inoviranja v
Sloveniji' (Empirical image of the attitude towards innovation in Slovenia),
21. PODIM, Maribor, str. 45-46.
Mulej, Matja_, _enko, Zdenka, 2001, 'Kratek opomnik o postopku uveljavljanja
novosti v praksi' (Short reminder on the process of implementing novelties in
praxis), Prenos novosti v podjetni_ko prakso, M. Rebernik, M. Mulej, M.Rus (eds.),
Maribor : IRP ²In_titut za razvoj podjetni_tva, str. 172-181.
Mulej, Matja_, _enko, Zdenka, Basti_, Majda, Knez-Riedl, Jo_ica, 2002, 'Koliko
so inovativna slovenska podjetja' (How innovative are Slovenian companies),
Proizvodni management, 2. GV-konferenca, Ljubljana : GV Izobra_evanje, str.
7-13.
Mulej, Nastja, 1999, 'Novo znanje o novih izdelkih, metodah, tehnologiji : inovacijski
marketing' (New knowledge on new products, methods, technology: innovation marketing),
Media marketing, Let. ²19, ²_t. ²221, str. 24-25.
Novak, Bogomir, 1998, 'Nova rutina ali nenehna inovativnost: znanje v _oli (New
routine or continous innovation: knowledge in school), _olski razgledi, ¨Let.
¨49, __t. 17, str. 7.
Poto_an, Vojko, 1997, 'Inoviranje managementa: managerski ekspertni sistem (MES)
kot dejavnik inovativnega odlo_anja' (Management innovation management expert
system as a factor of innovative decision making), Na_e gospodarstvo, ²Let.²43,
²_t. ²3/4, str. 358-363.
Rebernik, Miroslav, 1997, 'Izgubljeno ravnovesje' ²(The ²equilibrium lost),
Na_e gospodarstvo, let. 43, ²_t. ²1/2, str. 160-174.
Seme, Franc, Jeromel, Emil, 2000, 'Klju_ni dejavniki za inovativno in ustvarjalno
podjetje' (Key determinants of innovative and successful company), Konferenca
o inovativni naravnanosti in okolju, Dru_tvo za kakovost in ravnanje z okoljem,
Velenje.
Semoli_, Branko, 1997, 'Management inovacij in tehnolo_ki transfer' (management
of innovations and technology transfer), XVI. posvetovanje organizatorjev dela,
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RESER survey 2004, I.C.T. and Service relationship in the global economy
